Noun Stacks

...writing with a blunt instrument

Note: With all due respect for the victims of the disasters shown here, the images in this chapter are meant as a meditation on the dark side of technology.

World Trade Center, completed 1970-1972, destroyed September 11, 2003

The noun stack is a sentence-style problem that plagues scientific and technical writing in particular. Science and technology move forward so rapidly, language can't keep up. A noun stack is a phrase in which the writer has jammed together multiple nouns, for example:

Noun stack: corporation-conference consultation telephony

Now you certainly recognize that this phrase is a big pompous blowhard standing in the place of telephone conference (don’t you?). Writers create and use noun stacks for a number of likely reasons:

• No more succinct noun is available. For example, science and technology may not have coined a shorter, more usable version yet. You may have heard that locomotives did away with the "caboose" some years ago. In its place is the dismal "end-of-train device." Inversely, computer engineers want us to refer to starting a computer as the "system initialization process"; but many of us still insist on “booting up.”
• The writer wants to sound important. Some writers feel that they must impart an air of importance to the things they discuss. Some people out there just feel more important, powerful, and professional if they call a "spade" something bewildering like "inverted heart-shaped probability-based entertainment symbol" instead.
• The writer needs to pad. Consciously or not, some writers are compelled to pad their documents, making something look meaningful when it is just barely trivial. In addition to sounding important, some writers may also be engaged in subterfuge, fear, trickery. Doesn't a "hand-held, miniaturized hardcopy lexicology memory system" sound really important (as opposed to a "word list on an index card")?

Take a closer look at the noun stack. First, make sure you know what a noun is. Remember the noun? Yes, it's that word that names a person, place, or thing. As it is used within the sentence, you can put a, an, or the in front of it or make it plural. More information on nouns is available in the resources at the end of this chapter.

A noun phrase is the noun but also all the stuff that modifies it. Remember the concept of modification? For example, in the noun phrase "red Miata with wire wheels," the word "red" modifies "Miata," and so does the preposition phrase "with wire wheels." All five words work together as a noun phrase.

A noun stack is a type of noun phrase—one that has overdone it. Consider this example of a noun stack:

Noun stack: strategic application development productivity

Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station, which suffered a partial meltdown in 1979

For the finicky grammarian, the words application and development are not nouns: they are adjectives because they modify productivity. But they sure look like nouns, don't they? Sometimes, noun stacks contain other words that are clearly not nouns; however, it's the overall effect of multiple nouns jammed together—or "stacked" on top of each other—that creates the mind-numbing effect associated with the noun stack. Here are a few more examples:

Noun stack:
customer skills transfer session
macro virus population diversity

In the first example, customer, skills, and transfer aren't nouns either: they are all adjectives—they modify session. In the second example, the words macro, virus, and population are not functioning as nouns: they are all adjectives modifying diversity. Still, they certainly look and read like nouns!

Now that we've been complaining about the noun stack so much, what's the problem with it (if it's not already obvious)?

• Hard to comprehend. Most importantly, noun stacks are hard to understand. They are the reverse of wordiness in the sense that the writer is not giving the reader enough verbal space or time to understand. A noun stack is too terse, too compressed; it doesn't give the reader enough mental time or space to get the idea. In this example, is it immediately obvious what the noun stack refers to?
  
  Noun stack: strategic application development productivity
  
  Just what is this thing? It has something to do with productivity, and it looks like it involves development of applications (like software applications), in particular, applications that are strategic. Maybe this refers to productivity tools that enable software engineers to develop products (oh, excuse me—strategic products) faster, more efficiently. But aren’t tools generally related to “productivity”? And if a software application is not “strategic,” why bother? Thus, this noun stack could be reduced to tools for developing software. It may, but we can’t be sure because of the noun stack.
• Ambiguous. It's possible to read a noun stack in different ways—to interpret it variously. True, this is a part of being hard to comprehend, but a special instance in which multiple meanings compete with each other:
  
  Noun stack: customer skills transfer session
  
  It’s a session of some sort. Does the session enable customers to transfer skills, or does it teach noncustomers how customer transfer skills? And just what is skills transfer? Don’t you get the sneaking suspicion this refers to a training session for customers?

Mushroom cloud over Nagasaki, Japan on August 9, 1945
• Wordy. Okay, this sounds like a direct contradiction of the first reason, doesn't it? Actually, in some cases, noun stacks can be wordy—yes, even though we just said they are not wordy enough. When you unstack some noun stacks, you may discover that they contain redundancy: unnecessary, repetitive words. Here's an example:
  
  Noun stack: macro virus population diversity
  
  To unstack this thing, realize that there is something in the computer world called a “macro virus.” Realize too that there are many different types. Thus, you can reduce this self-important thing to diversity of macro viruses or even the plain and humble different types of macro viruses.

If you read the preceding, you ought to be able to recognize noun stacks. Indeed, they do jump out at you once you have a name for them. But how do you fix them?

As the preceding diagram shows, often you can begin by taking the last word and one of the other stacked nouns to create a simple phrase and then rephrase the rest of the words as prepositional phrases, adjective clauses, or other "roomier" wording.

As you can see, noun-stack problems are close cousins to pompous-diction problems: big multisyllable words that sound important and are much longer than small simple plain humble words that mean the same thing. (See the chapter on pompous word choice.) Here's another example:

Noun stack	Macro virus population diversity had gone from 1 to over 800 between 1999 to 2001.
Revision 1	The diversity of the macro virus population had gone from 1 to over 800 between 1999 to 2001.
Revision 2	The diversity of macro viruses had gone from 1 to over 800 between 1999 to 2001.
Revision 3	Types of macro viruses increased from 1 to over 800 between 1999 to 2001.

Space Shuttle Challenger, which broke up 73 seconds after takeoff, January 28, 1986

In this sequence of revisions, you can see that in the first revision sequence is pulled out of the noun stack Macro virus population diversity and brought to the beginning of the sentence. In the second revision, population is deleted: it adds no meaning here. In the third revision, diversity is replaced with Types of, the latter being more immediately understandable. And finally, the verb had gone is replaced with the more direct and active increased.

Noun stack	In 1997, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced new national ambient ground-level ozone air-quality standards.
Revision 1	In 1997, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced new standards for national ambient ground-level ozone air quality.
Revision 2	In 1997, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced new standards for ambient ozone.

Watch carefully what happens in each of the revisions. First, standards is chosen as the way to start unstacking this bureaucratic behemoth; it is combined with new, and the rest of the noun stack is dumped into a prepositional phrase. It's still too stacked up though! The next step is to weed out obvious words: the EPA operates nationally, so need for the word national. If you ask an environmental engineer, you'll discover ground-level and ambient mean different things; ambient is the precise term here. And air quality is just useless verbiage—if not a downright oxymoron in the twenty-first century.

As you can see, in just about any verbal situation, you have several options: you can express an idea in a word, in one of several types of phrases, and even in one of several types of clauses. See the chapter on word, phrase, clause choices for more on this idea. The main idea, however, is that you can compress an idea into a single noun, give it more room in a prepositional phrase, or give it lots more room in an adjective clause. Or, you can take an even more powerful approach and fit your idea into a noun clause.

RMS Titanic, which struck an iceberg and sank 15 April 1912

Explore a few more examples of noun stacks and strategies for unstacking them:

Noun stack: Combustion chamber exit gas temperatures are approximately 2400ºF.

This is easy: drag temperatures or gas temperatures forward to the beginning of the sentence; turn the nominalization exit into the verbal exiting.

Revision: Gas temperatures exiting the combustion chamber are approximately 2400ºF.

Noun stack: Install a hazardous materials dispersion monitor system.

Once again, the trick of dragging the final noun of the noun stack to the beginning of the sentence works. Also, you can turn the nominalization monitor into the verbal monitoring.

Revision 1: Install a system for monitoring hazardous materials dispersion.

And when you look at the result, you probably wonder what can be done about dispersion. Obviously, you can rework the sentence to create a prepositional phrase of hazardous materials, as is done in the second revision. However, dispersal is a clunky word. How about something more dramatic like escape? Let's ask the engineers.

Revision 2: Install a system for monitoring the dispersal of hazardous materials.

Noun stack: Your job will involve fault analysis systems troubleshooting handbook preparation.

In this case, the final word of the noun stack looks like a nominalization; try to work it into the verb phrase. Is there a difference between fault analysis and troubleshooting. Maybe so, but let's live on the wild side and say there isn't. And finally, systems is just a dumb useless word here—toss it outta there.

Revision: Your job will be to prepare a troubleshooting handbook.

Noun stack: Remember to leave enough time for a training session participant evaluation.

Okay, we want to evaluate something—something related to the training session. Evaluate the participants? Or allow the participants to evaluate the training session? Hard to say: this is a good example of how noun stacks can create ambiguity.

Revision A: Remember to leave enough time for participants to evaluate the training session.

Notice in both these revisions the nominalization evaluation is turned ito the verb evaluate.

Revision B: Remember to leave enough time to evaluate the participants of the training session.

Noun stack: The consultant recommends management performance improvement incentives.

Hmm, somebody needs to improve their performance! Looks like that someone is management. Looks like incentives are needed to make that happen. As usual, drag the last word of the noun stack to the beginning of, in this case, this phrase. Look for a nominalization that can wake this sentence up.

Revision: The consultant recommends incentives to improve management performance.

Now, try your hand at unstacking noun stacks:

• Revise noun stacks.

Chernobyl nuclear power plant, after the 26 April 1986 explosion

As you’ve probably noticed in the preceding, noun stacks often make use of current buzzwords. Words like skills transfer, reengineering, state of the art, and cutting edge all have their day and are used unthinkingly for effect. Academia and industry often enjoy creating fancy multi-word phrases for simple objects. Take a look at the following and see if you can guess what the simple object, process, or action is:

Noun-stack version: wax luminscence apparatus

Okay, let's figure this out. It's a thing made out of wax and gives off lumiscence (as in light). What is that?

Simplified version: candle

Noun-stack version: brain-based randomized ideation process

Okay, it's activity that occurs in the brain and functions to create random ideation (as in ideas). And the answer is . . .

Simplified version: brainstorming

Noun-stack version: liquid beverage concavity

A concavity is a concave-shaped thing. This particular one is for beverages (are there any type of beverage other than liquid?); it holds them. Sounds like a . . .

Simplified version: bottle, bowl

Noun-stack version: human-based print interpretation process

Humans do it. It's an activity which they interpret printed stuff. Hmmmm, that must be . . .

Simplified version: reading

Noun-stack version: fermented-beverage soft-wood extraction system

Okay, it's made out of soft wood. It involves extacting and fermented beverages. Could that possibly be a . . .

Simplified version: corkscrew

Noun-stack version: Day-time nonoccupational leisure-enabled somnolence

Somnolence refers either to sleep or sleepiness. This particular form seems to occur during the day at non-occupational, leisure moments. What could that mean? Apparently, this thing occurs while a person is not at work, but instead during leisure time. Aha, that's what I need.

Simplified version: nap

How about living on the dark side and trying your hand at creating noun stacks for simple words:

• Create noun stacks.

Union Carbide subsidiary pesticide plant in Bhopal, India

Links to these exercises are provided at the end of the sections where they are relevant. But here they all are in case you read the text straight through:

• Revise noun stacks
• Create noun stacks

• Nouns and adjectives. Use this resource to ensure you can identify nouns and adjectives.
• Word-phrase-clause problems. Use this resource to explore different methods that you can use to unstack noun stacks.
• Action-verb problems: actions missing in action. This resource covers the other type of nominalization—where the action is not stated in the grammatical-verb slot.
• Passive voice. Use this resource to understand how the passive voice can hide the true character of a sentence and when the passive voice is a useful tool for writing.
• Pompous words. Use this resource to understand how "big" words can add to the problems created by noun stacks.

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