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文献综述

文献回顾总结了特定研究主题的已有知识，叙述了研究历史上的里程碑，指出当前知识的冲突之处，并讨论仍然未知的领域。

一个文献综述可以是独立的文件，也可以是主要研究报告的一部分（如之前讨论的）。研究期刊通常包含仅提供文献综述的文章。作为研究报告的一部分，文献综述可以像一本书的整个章节那样长，也可以在研究文章中只有一段，或者在引言中短至几句话。在所有情况下，文献综述的功能都是相同的：总结某一主题的研究历史和现状。

如你所知，前一部分提到，主要研究报告（例如工程研究期刊中的报告）专注于一个问题：例如，失重对种植蔬菜的影响。该报告的文献综述部分将总结关于此主题的已知信息，指出当前知识的冲突之处，并讨论仍存在未知的领域。

一个结构良好的文献综述讲述了一个故事。它叙述了在特定问题或特定领域的研究中的关键事件：

1. 谁是这个主题的第一批现代研究者？他们的发现、结论和理论是什么？他们无法解决哪些问题或矛盾？
2. Researchers who followed them discovered various insights. Their work either confirmed, contradicted, or overturned the findings of their predecessors. They were able to address questions that their predecessors could not resolve.

You narrate this series of research events in a literature review. You can consider this research as similar to the thesis–antithesis–synthesis process. You start out with a thesis, then along comes an antithesis to contradict it, and eventually some resolution of this contradiction called a synthesis is achieved, which is actually a step forward in the knowledge about that topic. But now the synthesis becomes a thesis, and the process starts all over again.

Hilton Obenzinger dari Universiti Stanford dalam "Cara Meneliti, Menulis, dan Bertahan dalam Ulasan Literatur?" (tiada pautan)) calls this type of literature review a "road map." He identifies several other types, most importantly those that review the methodology of the research as well as or instead of the research findings. Obenzinger emphasizes that the literature review is not just a passive summary of research on a topic but an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of that research—an effort to see where that research is "incomplete, methodologically flawed, one-sided, or biased." In any case, as the following examples show, a literature review is a discussion of a body of research literature, not an annotated bibliography. Notice in the following examples that literature reviews use standard bracketed IEEE textual citation style and end with a bibliography (called "References").

请考虑以下摘录，这是 A. S. Tolba, A.H. El-Baz 和 A.A. El-Harby 的 "面部识别：文献综述" 中的文献回顾开头部分。 International Journal of Signal Processing, vol. 2, no. 2, 2005:

如你所见，第一段确立了主题及其重要性；第二段回溯了现代研究的起源，为基于计算机的人脸识别奠定了基础。此文献综述接着讨论该领域当前的研究状况：

注意下一段如何描述该主题研究中的一个重要进展，但随后指出其不足之处：

面部识别研究的文献综述考察了计算机面部识别中使用的多种不同方法。对于每一种方法，它总结了该方法、结果，以及该方法的优缺点。这个例子并不是上面提到的论点-反论点-综合模式，而是所有努力汇聚在一起，追求一个共同目标，即提高计算机面部识别的准确性。以下是该文献综述中这一过程总结的结果：

相关信息

撰写实验报告：概述、引言和文献综述. Purdue OWL

I would appreciate your thoughts, reactions, and feedback regarding this chapter: Your response—David McMurrey.