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In technical writing, process narrative is one of the most important types of writing. People need to understand how things happen, how things work, how to use things, and how to do certain actions. A 叙述 讲述某事在历史时间段内是如何发生的。A proses 是一种事件或一系列可以执行的或者定期或重复发生的事件。"程序"和"例行公事"是密切相关的。当你"叙述"一个"过程，"你解释某样东西是如何运作的或是如何发生的。我们在这里将使用“过程讨论”。
Noted: 查看示例的 处理叙述.
NotebookLM生成的这一章的信息图
什么是过程？
Process narrative is an information structure—it's one of those fundamental combinations of content and organizational patterns you use in many different situations in technical writing. For example, instructions are an application of technical writing; instructions make heavy use of process narrative. (See the chapter on 指示.)
本章的重点是写作的一些基本指导原则 非指导性 过程叙述。这些过程叙述回答以下问题：
- 这个机制是怎样运作的？
- 自然、机械、社会、生物、心理现象的典型步骤是什么？
- 这个事件（机械、自然、人类、社会）是怎么发生的？
When we ask questions like these, we expect a clear, step-by-step explanation of how the mechanism works or how the phenomenon occurs. We’re not looking to do it ourselves, just to understand it. In another chapter, you read about causal naratif. These are closely related to process narratives. In causal narratives, we want to understand why something happens, what causes it, and what the results or consequences are. In process narratives, we focus on how something happens, how it works, in a step-by-step manner. Often, the line between these two is not clear.
Process narrative. 一步一步，这段文字解释了电脑如何"识别"语音。
Proses naratif fokus pada perkara seperti pembentukan kilat, salji, taufan, had sejuk, puting beliung; gestasi embrio manusia; penyerbukan bunga; operasi automatik mesin fotokopi atau komputer; kejadian supernova, lubang hitam, raksasa merah, atau kerdil putih. Proses naratif menerangkan cara kerja mekanisme seperti bateri kenderaan, mentol lampu, telefon, televisyen, ketuhar gelombang mikro, penerima stereo.
如前所述，本章的重点是 非教学的 process. Namun, walaupun menerangkan bagaimana doktor melakukan pembedahan jantung terbuka atau bagaimana sebuah loji kuasa nuklear berfungsi mungkin kedengarannya seperti arahan, ia bukan! Biasanya, dokumen mengenai topik ini akan memberikan orang ramai gambaran tentang apa yang berlaku dalam proses ini. Ilustrasi seterusnya menyampaikan idea umum tentang bagaimana air laut ditukarkan menjadi air tawar:
流程叙述. 一步一步，本文本讨论了一种海水淡化的方法。
如何将过程分成步骤？
When you write a process narrative—whether it's a single paragraph or a whole report—one of the most important tasks is to break down the process into its main steps, phases, stages, or periods. There are other ways to approach a process narrative, but breaking it down by steps is often the most effective. For instance, you could organise a process narrative by the key components of a mechanism. Use whichever approach seems to suit your readers, topic, and purpose best.
一个步骤是一个动作或事件（或一组相关的）在过程中执行或发生的。考虑一个简单的过程，比如用滴漏咖啡壶煮咖啡。这样的活动涉及以下步骤，每个步骤实际上代表一组动作。
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步骤 1. 煮水 ------------------------> 2. 冲洗咖啡壶和滤网 3. 测量新咖啡 4. 倒入沸水 |
个人行动（第一步）
a. 找到水壶并把它带到水槽。 b. 开水和冲洗水壶 c. 把水壶加满到所需的量 d. 关掉水龙头，然后走到炉子那里 e. 把水壶放在炉子上 f. 开启炉灶 g. 等水煮开 |
Obviously, no one needs to be told all these specific actions; the example shows that a step usually stands for a group of related specific actions or events. If you look back at the preceding desalination example, you see a more realistic example of this process of division into steps. The narrative focuses on four steps in the desalination process: (1) pressurisation and evaporation, (2) freezing, (3) separation, and (4) discharge of the briny portion of the seawater.
How are process narratives used in technical documents? First and foremost, processes are typically explained in instructions. For some situations, explaining how a thing works is almost as effective as providing the direct step-by-step instructions. And in any case, people understand the actions they are performing better when they understand the actions behind those actions. Process narratives are also vital in new product documents—either internal (meant for the product's designers and marketers) or external (meant for the product's customers and users). And finally, process narratives are important in scientific research literature. You can imagine researchers studying acid rain or oil spills—understanding these processes might lead to controlling them better.
如何讨论步骤？
When you explain a process, your aim is to help readers understand how it works and the usual events that happen in that process. You use any writing tools you have to achieve that. One common way to explain a process is by breaking it down into steps, phases, periods, or stages. These are essentially time segments or groupings of closely related events or actions. Check out any of the examples in this chapter; you'll notice process sentences all over.
不过，大多数过程叙述如果没有背后的原因和效果解释，就没有多大意义。例如，读到龙卷风形成时，天气变阴，风雨和龙卷风出现，造成破坏，这并不是很令人兴奋。我们想要的不仅仅是基本过程：我们想知道是什么导致它们形成，哪些条件有利于它们的形成，它们形成后如何 behave，当然还有它们造成什么样的损害。
其他种类的信息也可以补充关于过程的讨论：
- Description: 讲解一下在这个过程之前、期间或之后的状态，或者过程中的任何阶段。
- Definisi: Please provide the narrative or technical terms you would like explained.
- Perbandingan: 比较这个过程、任何一个阶段或结果，与类似的东西或熟悉的事物，以帮助读者理解。
- Contoh: 提供你所解释的过程的例子。例如，在讲述龙卷风的叙述中，可以提到历史上发生过的龙卷风作为例子。
有丝分裂 是细胞复制的过程，在这个过程中，一个细胞产生两个相同的子细胞。这个过程由四个主要阶段组成：前期、中期、后期和间期。
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扩展过程叙述的例子. 信息结构可以像手风琴一样—根据你的需要展开或收起。点击这个例子中的链接，看看前期讨论的展开。
如何格式化过程叙述？
这里有一些关于格式的建议，特别是与流程叙述相关的。
- Bingkai. If you write a detailed process narrative and organize it into steps or phases, meaning time segments, then the subheadings can correspond to those steps or phases, as shown in the following schematic view of process narratives. If your process narrative includes one section explaining the process and another discussing a supplementary aspect of the process, your headings should reflect that structure too. See the chapter on heading untuk butiran.
- Senarai. kerana mereka memberi tumpuan kepada urutan peristiwa, naratif proses adalah calon yang sesuai untuk senarai bernombor dalam ayat dan secara menegak seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam contoh dalam bab ini. Lihat bab tentang senarai untuk maklumat lanjut.
- 图形。 Process narratives are ideal for flow diagrams, like the ones shown in some illustrations in this book. They provide a spatial representation of events as they unfold over time. Diagrams and drawings of the mechanisms involved in the process are also helpful. Refer to the chapter on 图形 untuk maklumat lanjut.
- 风格。 You handle numbers, symbols, and abbreviations in process narratives just like in any other technical document. Exact measurement values should be in numerals, no matter if they are below 10. Refer to the chapter on 风格和机制 untuk maklumat lanjut.
过程叙述的示意图. 一种典型或常见的内容和组织模型——其他模型也是可能的。
有关信息
阅读测验. 用这个测验来测试你对这一章的理解。
培训可用. 来练习写作吧 McMurrey 作为你的指导老师。
I would appreciate your thoughts, reactions, and criticism regarding this chapter: Sure! Please provide the text you want to be translated into Singapore English.—David McMurrey
